Clay liner materials for land disposal of hazardous non-metal waste

Simple land disposal systems for hazardous and mixed wastes contain heavy metal catiotic species through precipitation and ion exchange mechanisms but typically fail by releasing soluble organic and inorganic anionic species. To enhance the removal of anions from leachate, clays are modified with coatings of iron or aluminium cations to bridge between the anionic surface and the anionic pollutants