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Single-use PET beverage bottles face refillable glass on equal terms. This is the unexpected but clear result of the largest, uncompromising, scientific study on PET conducted by the renowned IFEU institute in Heidelberg, Germany. The study was commissioned by Petcore, the European trade association representing the interests of the PET beverage sector, with support from a range of German beverage industries.
The study, completed in August 2004, used new 2002-03 production data and for the first time includes all recycling outlets relevant to PET, from production to final recycling into various new products. The IFEU study meets all German and international LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) standards, and has been peer-reviewed under the chairmanship of Prof. Dr. Walter Klöpffer, an established German and internationally recognised LCA expert.
Comparison reflects on German market playing field
The study, commissioned in May 2003, reflects on prerequisites imposed on the German packaging market by UBA, the national environment agency. Refillable glass was depicted as the benchmark for ecologically favourable and any packaging not able to meet this standard, would fall victim to a mandatory deposit regime. IFEU experts compared all one-way PET bottles with market relevance, with refillable glass. In Germany, one-way PET is dominated by the 1.5-litre bottle, competing with the dominance of the 0.7-litre refillable glass bottle. Each of the eight environmental parameters such as greenhouse gases, use of natural resources, acidification, and the use of natural space (priorities set by UBA) were calculated back to 1,000-litre units.
One-way PET as ecologically favourable as refillable glass
The LCA shows that without deposit, one-way PET is as ecologically favourable as refillable glass:
Under source-separated collection conditions such as DSD, the environmental effects of one-way PET are similar to those of refillable glass
Under deposits, the environmental performance of one-way PET deteriorates. This is mainly caused by the fact that most German one-way PET deposit bottles are shipped to the Far East for recycling. This difference would disappear if deposit bottles were to be recycled in Europe, as is the case with DSD bottles.
Equal conditions for ecologically equal packaging systems
The IFEU study revokes the relevance of the discriminatory classification of one-way PET.
"Ecologically equivalent packaging sectors should no longer be disadvantaged compared to refill systems", says Frank Koelewijn, Director General of Petcore. PET should return to DSD kerbside collection, as is the case with other favourable packaging systems. According to Koelewijn "One-way PET is now proven to be ecologically favourable, thus should be exempted from a deposit, or, at least, be categorised within the same fee structure as the one applying to refillable packaging".
Conclusions
IFEU finds that the study shows without doubt that one-way PET bottles are as "ecologically favourable" as refillable glass, under non-deposit circumstances. According to the present legal framework this would mean that one-way PET should be exempted from deposits and return to the DSD collection system.
How the deposit system without the inclusion of one-way PET could continue to function – if it functioned at all, is an interesting question from a political point of view. A plausible alternative could be to revise the Packaging Ordinance such, that ecologically favourable packaging systems would be included in a deposit without being discriminated when compared to refillable packaging. The current deposit fee of EUR0.25 for one-way is punitive compared to the voluntary refill deposit of EUR0.15 per bottle.
Such revision could be supported by industry stakeholders, provided the system is truly nationwide, transparent, and functional. Fur
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